How is Dry Eye Diagnosed and Treated?

Dry eye is a chronic condition that occurs when your eyes don't produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly. Tears play a crucial role in keeping your eyes lubricated, protecting them from irritants, and maintaining clear vision. When there is an imbalance in the tear film, it can lead to various symptoms and discomfort.

Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Dry Eye

One of the leading causes of dry eye is meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The meibomian glands are responsible for producing the oily layer of the tear film, which helps prevent evaporation of the watery layer. When these glands become blocked or dysfunctional, the quality of the tear film is compromised, leading to dry eye symptoms.

MGD can be caused by various factors, including age, hormonal changes, certain medications, and inflammatory conditions. It is often associated with evaporative dry eye, where the tears evaporate too quickly due to a deficient or abnormal oily layer.

Several other factors can contribute to the development of dry eye syndrome. Here are some of the most common causes:
 

• Age: As people get older, their tear production tends to decrease, making them more susceptible to dry eye.
• Gender: Women are more prone to dry eye, especially during hormonal changes associated with pregnancy, menopause, or hormonal therapy.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, and blood pressure medications, can reduce tear production or increase tear evaporation.
• Medical conditions: Diseases like Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disorders, and diabetes can disrupt tear production or quality.
• Environmental factors: Exposure to dry air, wind, smoke, or prolonged screen time can increase tear evaporation and contribute to dry eye.
• Refractive surgery: Procedures like LASIK or PRK can temporarily or permanently affect tear production and lead to dry eye.
• Contact lens wear: Wearing contact lenses can disrupt the tear film and increase the risk of dry eye, especially with extended wear or improper lens care.

Symptoms of Dry Eye

The symptoms of dry eye can vary from person to person and range from mild to severe. Here are some common signs and symptoms:
 

• Stinging, burning, or scratchy sensation in the eyes
• Stringy mucus in or around the eyes
• Eye redness or irritation
• Sensitivity to light or wind
• Blurred vision or eye fatigue
• Difficulty wearing contact lenses
• Difficulty with night driving due to glare

How is Dry Eye Diagnosed?

If you experience any of the above symptoms, it's essential to consult an optometrist for proper diagnosis and treatment. Your eye doctor will likely perform the following tests to evaluate your condition:
 

• Patient history: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, medications, and environmental factors that may contribute to dry eye.
• Visual acuity test: This test measures your ability to see clearly at various distances.
• Slit-lamp examination: Your doctor will use a microscope with a bright light to examine the structures of your eyes, including the tear film, eyelids, and cornea.
• Tear film evaluation: Various tests, such as the Schirmer test, tear break-up time (TBUT) test, or tear osmolarity test, may be performed to assess the quantity and quality of your tears.
• Dye tests: Dyes like fluorescein or lissamine green may be used to highlight any corneal or conjunctival staining, which can indicate dry eye.
• Imaging techniques: Advanced imaging techniques, like meibography or tear film interferometry, can provide detailed information about the structure and function of the meibomian glands and tear film.

Lifestyle Changes to Manage Dry Eye

In addition to medical treatment, making certain lifestyle changes can help alleviate dry eye symptoms and improve your overall eye health. Here are some recommended lifestyle modifications:
 

• Take breaks from digital screens: Follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds to reduce eye strain and allow for proper blinking.
• Use a humidifier: Dry air can exacerbate dry eye symptoms. Use a humidifier at home or work to add moisture to the air.
• Wear protective eyewear: Wear sunglasses or wraparound glasses when outdoors to protect your eyes from wind, dust, and other environmental factors.
• Avoid smoke and irritants: Smoke, air pollution, and other irritants can worsen dry eye symptoms. Avoid exposure to these factors as much as possible.
• Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water and consume a balanced diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which can help maintain a healthy tear film.
• Practice good hygiene: Maintain proper eyelid hygiene by gently cleaning the eyelids with a warm compress or lid scrubs to remove debris and unclog meibomian glands.

Dry Eye Treatment Options

Depending on the severity and underlying cause of your dry eye, your eye care professional may recommend various treatment options. Here are some common treatments:
 

• Artificial tears: Over-the-counter or prescription eye drops can help supplement the natural tear film and provide temporary relief from dry eye symptoms.
• Punctal plugs: These tiny silicone or collagen plugs are inserted into the tear ducts to block the drainage of tears, allowing them to remain on the eye's surface longer.
• Prescription eye drops: Your doctor may prescribe eye drops containing cyclosporine, lifitegrast, or corticosteroids to help reduce inflammation and improve tear production.

It's important to note that dry eye treatment is often a combination of different approaches, and your eye doctor will recommend the most appropriate options based on your specific condition and needs.

Schedule Your Dry Eye Evaluation with Clarity Eye Care Today

Dry eye is a common and often chronic condition that can significantly impact your quality of life. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and diagnostic methods, you can take proactive steps to manage and treat this condition effectively.

If you're experiencing dry eye symptoms, schedule an appointment with our experienced optometrist at Clarity Eye Care. Dr. Kahen-Kashi will conduct a thorough evaluation, diagnose the underlying cause, and develop a customized treatment plan to alleviate your discomfort and restore your eye health. Visit our office in Ridgewood, New York, or call (718) 456-1130 to book an appointment today.